279d1ad3 (main)
and
b0dc9855 (PR)
+0 -5
+0 -5
{
"consensusAlgorithm": {
"name": "CometBFT",
"description": "CometBFT is the canonical implementation of the Tendermint consensus algorithm.\n CometBFT allows for a state transition machine to be written in any programming language, and it allows for secure replication across many machines.\n The consensus protocol is fork-free by construction under an honest majority of stake assumption.",
"blockTime": 15,
"consensusFinality": 1,
"unbondingPeriod": 1213200
},
"dataAvailabilitySampling": {
"erasureCodingScheme": "2D Reed-Solomon",
"erasureCodingProof": "Fraud proofs"
},
"economicSecurity": {
"token": {
"symbol": "TIA",
"decimals": 6,
"coingeckoId": "celestia"
}
},
"finality": 6,
"pruningWindow": 608400,
"risks": {
"economicSecurity": {
"value": {
"value": "Staked assets",
"sentiment": "good",
"description": "There are staked assets on the DA layer that can be slashed in case of a data withholding attack. A dishonest supermajority of validators must collude to finalize a block with missing or invalid data. The invalid block would be added to the chain but rejected by honest full nodes.\n "
},
"adjustSecurityRisk": true
},
"fraudDetection": {
"value": "DAS",
"sentiment": "warning",
"description": "The DA layer uses data availability sampling (DAS) to protect against data withholding attacks. However, the block reconstruction protocol, which enables the minimum number of light nodes to collectively reconstruct the block, is still under development.",
"secondLine": ""
}
},
"sovereignProjectsTrackingConfig": [
{
"projectId": "battle-for-blockchain",
"name": "Battle for Blockchain",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5047670,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAKzFLTn1xOipecg="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "camp",
"name": "Camp",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 6459709,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB7AAAAAAAAAeQ="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "civitia",
"name": "Civitia",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 4492300,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEwLOhV+kOUlUq4="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "clique",
"name": "Clique",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 3161819,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAARQV7t6sd4A="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "echelon",
"name": "Echelon",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5659637,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAItyY42OaTC/skE="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "echos",
"name": "Echos",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 3161819,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA/cZMN1XLG8="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "embr-fun",
"name": "Embr.fun",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5954601,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMbONmnisjTDz4I="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "flame",
"name": "Flame",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 3161819,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAL2dxfeNrJ+tg6Y="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "flynet",
"name": "Flynet",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5188001,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACyPE7Ql9zwA="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "forma",
"name": "Forma",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 3161819,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAKKnitomrCy/HoY="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "foundation-network",
"name": "Foundation Network",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 3667737,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAN/xAxpagCrjLVQ="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "hibachi",
"name": "Hibachi",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5979823,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABoaWJhY2hpLXM="
},
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5981133,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGhpYmFjaGk="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "ing",
"name": "ING",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5945453,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALdhUSKgKHU0Zx0="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "inertia",
"name": "Inertia",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5941532,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEg2If2QGyq4ZRQ="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "intergaze",
"name": "Intergaze",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5748411,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAIoZCJNLh1XvOZA="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "milkyway",
"name": "Milkyway",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5298640,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB2AZsEwLd1LLHk="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "onchain",
"name": "Onchain",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 3161819,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABNfLrOLSCTY="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "perennial",
"name": "Perennial",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 3886561,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAaToZYrE0tA="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "rave",
"name": "Rave",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5645296,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAF45zaUciayEPXE="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "rena",
"name": "Rena",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5775045,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMxohfftlR5t59s="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "rivalz-network",
"name": "Rivalz Network",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 4932528,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMJ/xGlNMdE="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "xo-market",
"name": "XO Market",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 8164261,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACnGTcXcpKRnenc="
},
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 8383370,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEjr00EdZDGvoMU="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "yominet",
"name": "Yominet",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5966190,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFjh+OUc/ORU/0o="
}
]
},
{
"projectId": "zaar",
"name": "Zaar",
"daTrackingConfig": [
{
"type": "celestia",
"sinceBlock": 5587852,
"namespace": "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAM8NBxiaOQwFwQc="
}
]
}
],
"systemCategory": "public",
"technology": {
"description": "\n ## Architecture\n\n \n\n ## Consensus\n Celestia uses CometBTF, the canonical implementation of Tendermint consensus protocol. The consensus protocol is fork-free by construction under an honest majority of stake assumption.\n Celestia achieves finality at each block, with an average time between blocks of 6 seconds.\n ## Blobs\n In Celestia, blobs are user-submitted data that do not modify the blockchain state. \n Each blob has two components, one is a binary object of raw data bytes, and the other is the namespace of the specific application for which the blob data is intended for.\n\n\n \n\n All data posted in a Celestia blob is divided into chunks of fixed size, called shares, and each blob is arranged in a k * k matrix of shares. The maximum original square size is 512 (k = 512), for a total of 262,144 shares.\n\n\n \n\n Celestia shares' rows and columns are erasure-coded into a 2k * 2k matrix and committed to in a Namespaced Merkle Trees (NMTs), a version of a standard Merkle tree using a namespaced hash function. \n In NMTs, every node in the tree includes the range of namespaces of all its child nodes, allowing applications to request and retrieve data for a specific namespace sub-tree while maintaining all functionalities (e.g., inclusion and range proofs) of a standard Merkle tree.\n\n\n \n\n Ultimately, a single data root (availableDataRoot) of the Merkle tree is computed with the row and column roots as leaves. This data root is included in the block header as the root of commitments to erasure-coded data so that individual shares in the matrix can be proven to belong to a single data root.\n\n\n \n\n ## Data Availability Sampling (DAS)\n\n To ensure data availability, Celestia light nodes perform sampling on the 2k x 2k data matrix. Each light node randomly selects a set of unique coordinates within the extended matrix and requests the corresponding data shares and Merkle proofs from full nodes.\n Currently, a Celestia light node must perform a minimum of 16 samples before declaring that a block is available.\n This sampling rate ensures that given the minimum number of unavailable shares, a light client will sample at least one unavailable share with a 99% probability.\n\n For more details on DAS probabilistic analysis, see the Fraud and Data Availability Proofs paper.\n\n\n \n\n ## Erasure Coding Proof\n Light nodes performing data availability sampling must have the guarantee that the sampled data is erasure coded correctly. In Celestia, light nodes can be notified of a maliciously encoded block through Bad Encoding Fraud Proofs (BEFPs). Full nodes receiving invalid erasure-coded data can generate a fraud-proof to be transmitted to all light and full nodes in the DA network. The proof is generated by full nodes reconstructing the original data from the block data, and verifying that the recomputed data root matches the data root of the block header. \n Upon receiving and verifying the BEFP, all Celestia nodes should halt providing services (e.g., submitTx).\n\n ## L2s Data Availability\n L2s can post data to Celestia by submitting blobs through a payForBlobs transaction. The transaction can include data as a single blob or multiple blobs, with the total maximum size determined by the maximum block size. The transaction fee is determined by the size of the data and the current gas price. \n Applications can then retrieve the data by querying the Celestia blockchain for the data root of the blob and the namespace of the application. The data can be reconstructed by querying the Celestia network for the shares of the data matrix and reconstructing the data using the erasure coding scheme.\n ",
"references": [
{
"title": "Celestia Specifications",
"url": "https://celestiaorg.github.io/celestia-app/data_structures.html"
},
{
"title": "Celestia Core - CometBFT",
"url": "https://github.com/celestiaorg/celestia-core"
},
{
"title": "Celestia Node - Data Retrieval",
"url": "https://github.com/celestiaorg/celestia-node/blob/9ff58570ef86e505b718abfc755fd18643a2284c/share/eds/retriever.go#L60"
},
{
"title": "Bad Encoding Fraud Proofs",
"url": "https://github.com/celestiaorg/celestia-node/blob/main/docs/adr/adr-006-fraud-service.md"
},
{
"title": "Fraud and Data Availability Proofs paper",
"url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.09044"
}
],
"risks": [
{
"category": "Funds can be lost if",
"text": "a dishonest supermajority of Celestia validators finalizes an unavailable block, and there aren't light nodes on the network verifying data availability, or they fail at social signaling unavailable data."
},
{
"category": "Funds can be lost if",
"text": "a dishonest supermajority of Celestia validators finalizes an unavailable block, and the light nodes on the network cannot collectively reconstruct the block."
}
]
},
"throughput": [
{
"size": 8388608,
"frequency": 6,
"sinceTimestamp": 1738022400
},
{
"size": 1974272,
"frequency": 6,
"sinceTimestamp": 1733961600
},
{
"size": 1974272,
"frequency": 12,
"sinceTimestamp": 1698710400
}
],
"type": "Public Blockchain",
"usedWithoutBridgeIn": [
{
"id": "ancient",
"name": "Ancient8",
"slug": "ancient8"
},
{
"id": "b3",
"name": "B3",
"slug": "b3"
},
{
"id": "lyra",
"name": "Derive",
"slug": "derive"
},
{
"id": "eclipse",
"name": "Eclipse",
"slug": "eclipse"
},
{
"id": "form",
"name": "Form",
"slug": "form"
},
{
"id": "karak",
"name": "K2",
"slug": "k2"
},
{
"id": "lightlink",
"name": "LightLink",
"slug": "lightlink"
},
{
"id": "mantapacific",
"name": "Manta Pacific",
"slug": "mantapacific"
},
{
"id": "orderly",
"name": "Orderly Network",
"slug": "orderly"
},
{
"id": "river",
"name": "Towns",
"slug": "towns"
}
],
"validators": {
"type": "dynamic"
}
}+5 -0
+5 -0
{
"daLayer": "ethereum",
"name": "Enshrined Bridge",
"risks": {
"daBridge": {
"value": "Enshrined",
"sentiment": "good",
"description": "Rollup users have access to all the data, as it is posted onchain on the consensus layer. On the execution layer, the rollup relies on blob data commitment (versioned hashes), which are accessible through the BLOBHASH opcode. \nThe rollup smart contracts can use these blob commitments during state transition validation to reference blobs during proof verification, without requiring direct access to the raw blob data.\n "
},
"callout": "Unlike non-enshrined DA bridges, it does not place any honesty\n assumption on an external committee that provides data availability\n attestations to the DA bridge. From the rollup perspective,\n Ethereum's canonical chain cannot contain unavailable data\n commitments as full nodes self-verify the data availability of each\n block, discarding blocks with unavailable data. The rollup state\n validating bridge has access to all the data, as it is posted on chain."
},
"technology": {
"description": "\n ## Enshrined Bridge\n The DA bridge on Ethereum is enshrined, meaning that blob data is directly accessible on the consensus layer, with data availability guaranteed by the network's inherent consensus rules. \n If a block contains unavailable data, full nodes will reject it, causing the chain to fork away from that block. This ensures data availability without requiring additional trust assumptions. \n In contrast, external DA providers must rely on data availability attestations from the external validator set, introducing an extra layer of trust on the majority of validators.\n "
},
"usedIn": [
{
"id": "abstract",
"name": "Abstract",
"slug": "abstract"
},
{
"id": "arbitrum",
"name": "Arbitrum One",
"slug": "arbitrum"
},
{
"id": "arenaz",
"name": "Arena-Z",
"slug": "arenaz"
},
{
"id": "base",
"name": "Base Chain",
"slug": "base"
},
{
"id": "blast",
"name": "Blast",
"slug": "blast"
},
{
"id": "bob",
"name": "BOB",
"slug": "bob"
},
{
"id": "bobanetwork",
"name": "Boba Network",
"slug": "bobanetwork"
},
{
"id": "dbk",
"name": "DeBank Chain",
"slug": "dbk"
},
{
"id": "deri",
"name": "Deri",
"slug": "deri"
},
{
"id": "ethernity",
"name": "Epic Chain",
"slug": "epicchain"
},
{
"id": "facet",
"name": "Facet v1",
"slug": "facet"
},
{
"id": "forknet",
"name": "Forknet",
"slug": "forknet"
},
{
"id": "hashkey",
"name": "HashKey Chain",
"slug": "hashkey"
},
{
"id": "hemi",
"name": "Hemi",
"slug": "hemi"
},
{
"id": "ink",
"name": "Ink",
"slug": "ink"
},
{
"id": "jovay",
"name": "Jovay",
"slug": "jovay"
},
{
"id": "karak",
"name": "K2",
"slug": "k2"
},
{
"id": "katana",
"name": "Katana",
"slug": "katana"
},
{
"id": "lighter",
"name": "Lighter",
"slug": "lighter"
},
{
"id": "linea",
"name": "Linea",
"slug": "linea"
},
{
"id": "lisk",
"name": "Lisk",
"slug": "lisk"
},
{
"id": "loopring",
"name": "Loopring",
"slug": "loopring"
},
{
"id": "metal",
"name": "Metal",
"slug": "metal"
},
{
"id": "metis",
"name": "Metis Andromeda",
"slug": "metis"
},
{
"id": "mint",
"name": "Mint",
"slug": "mint"
},
{
"id": "mode",
"name": "Mode Network",
"slug": "mode"
},
{
"id": "morph",
"name": "Morph",
"slug": "morph"
},
{
"id": "optimism",
"name": "OP Mainnet",
"slug": "op-mainnet"
},
{
"id": "optopia",
"name": "Optopia",
"slug": "optopia"
},
{
"id": "paradex",
"name": "Paradex",
"slug": "paradex"
},
{
"id": "phala",
"name": "Phala",
"slug": "phala"
},
{
"id": "polygonzkevm",
"name": "Polygon zkEVM",
"slug": "polygonzkevm"
},
{
"id": "polynomial",
"name": "Polynomial",
"slug": "polynomial"
},
{
"id": "r0ar",
"name": "R0ar",
"slug": "r0ar"
},
{
"id": "race",
"name": "Race Network",
"slug": "race"
},
{
"id": "scroll",
"name": "Scroll",
"slug": "scroll"
},
{
"id": "settlus",
"name": "Settlus",
"slug": "settlus"
},
{
"id": "shape",
"name": "Shape",
"slug": "shape"
},
{
"id": "soneium",
"name": "Soneium",
"slug": "soneium"
},
{
"id": "sxt",
"name": "Space and Time",
"slug": "sxt"
},
{
"id": "starknet",
"name": "Starknet",
"slug": "starknet"
},
{
"id": "superseed",
"name": "Superseed",
"slug": "superseed"
},
{
"id": "swan",
"name": "Swan Chain",
"slug": "swan"
},
{
"id": "swell",
"name": "Swellchain",
"slug": "swell"
},
{
"id": "syndicateframe",
"name": "Syndicate Frame Chain",
"slug": "syndicateframe"
},
{
"id": "taiko",
"name": "Taiko Alethia",
"slug": "taiko"
},
{
"id": "unichain",
"name": "Unichain",
"slug": "unichain"
},
{
"id": "worldchain",
"name": "World Chain",
"slug": "world"
},
{
"id": "zeronetwork",
"name": "ZERO Network",
"slug": "zeronetwork"
},
{
"id": "zircuit",
"name": "Zircuit",
"slug": "zircuit"
},
{
"id": "aztec",
"name": "Zk.Money v1 (Aztec v1)",
"slug": "aztecv1"
},
{
"id": "zksync2",
"name": "ZKsync Era",
"slug": "zksync-era"
},
{
"id": "zksync",
"name": "ZKsync Lite",
"slug": "zksync-lite"
},
{
"id": "zora",
"name": "Zora",
"slug": "zora"
}
]
}+1 -1
+1 -1
{
"baseTimestamp": 1752570443,
"baseTimestamp": 1764334089,
"contractsDiscoDriven": true,
"hasDiscoUi": true,
"isDiscoDriven": true,
"permissionsDiscoDriven": true
}+100 -45
+5 -5
{
"badges": [
{
"id": "EVM",
"type": "VM",
"name": "EVM",
"description": "This project uses the Ethereum Virtual Machine to run its smart contracts and supports the Solidity programming language",
"action": {
"type": "scalingFilter",
"id": "vm",
"value": "EVM"
}
},
{
"id": "Celestia",
"id": "EthereumCalldata",
"type": "DA",
"name": "Celestia",
"description": "This project is posting its data to Celestia",
"name": "Ethereum with calldata",
"description": "This project is posting its data to Ethereum as calldata",
"action": {
"type": "publicDaHighlight",
"slug": "celestia"
"slug": "ethereum"
}
},
{
"id": "OPStack",
"type": "Stack",
"name": "Built on OP Stack",
"description": "The project is built on the OP Stack",
"action": {
"type": "scalingFilter",
"id": "stack",
"value": "OP Stack"
}
},
{
"id": "Caldera",
"type": "RaaS",
"name": "Caldera",
"description": "This project was deployed via the rollup-as-a-service provider Caldera",
"action": {
"type": "scalingFilter",
"id": "raas",
"value": "Caldera"
}
}
],
"description": "K2 is a general-purpose Optimium.",
"description": "K2 is a general-purpose L2, which rebranded to the OpenGDP Network to soon become an asset tokenization-focused L1.",
"links": {
"websites": [
"https://karak.network/"
],
"bridges": [
"https://k2bridge.karak.network/"
],
"explorers": [
"https://explorer.karak.network/"
],
"socialMedia": [
"https://twitter.com/Karak_Network",
"https://t.me/Karak_Network"
]
}
}+7 -0
[
{
"title": "Karak rebrands to OpenGDP",
"url": "https://x.com/OpenGDP/status/1990437951529226293",
"date": "2025-11-17T00:00:00Z",
"description": "Karak rebrands to OpenGDP.",
"type": "general"
},
{
"title": "K2 Network Early Access Launch",
"url": "https://x.com/Karak_Network/status/1762561646999068899?s=20",
"date": "2024-02-27T00:00:00Z",
"description": "K2 Network is live on mainnet.",
"type": "general"
}
]+2 -7
{
"capability": "universal",
"daLayer": [
"Celestia"
"Ethereum"
],
"hostChain": {
"id": "ethereum",
"slug": "ethereum",
"name": "Ethereum"
},
"layer": "layer2",
"purposes": [
"Universal"
],
"raas": "Caldera",
"reasonsForBeingOther": [
{
"label": "No proofs",
"shortDescription": "The proof system isn't fully functional",
"description": "Projects without a proper proof system fully rely on single entities to safely update the state. A malicious proposer can finalize an invalid state, which can cause loss of funds."
},
{
"label": "No DA bridge",
"shortDescription": "There is no data availability bridge",
"description": "Projects without a data availability bridge fully rely on single entities (the sequencer) to honestly rely available data roots on Ethereum. A malicious sequencer can collude with the proposer to finalize an unavailable state, which can cause loss of funds."
}
],
"stacks": [
"OP Stack"
],
"stage": "Not applicable",
"stage": "Stage 0",
"type": "Other",
"vm": [
"EVM"
]
}+62 -1
{
"stage": "NotApplicable"
"missing": {
"nextStage": "Stage 1",
"requirements": [
"Users' withdrawals can be censored by the permissioned operators.",
"Upgrades executed by actors with more centralized control than a Security Council provide less than 7d for users to exit if the permissioned operator is down or censoring."
],
"principle": "Compromising ≥75% of the Security Council should be the only way (other than bugs) for a rollup to indefinitely block an L2→L1 message (e.g. a withdrawal) or push an invalid L2→L1 message (e.g. an invalid withdrawal) wiith a <7d exit window."
},
"stage": "Stage 0",
"summary": [
{
"stage": "Stage 0",
"requirements": [
{
"satisfied": false,
"description": "The proof system is still under development."
},
{
"satisfied": true,
"description": "The project calls itself a rollup."
},
{
"satisfied": true,
"description": "State roots are posted to Ethereum L1."
},
{
"satisfied": true,
"description": "Inputs for the state transition function are posted to Ethereum L1."
},
{
"satisfied": true,
"description": "A source-available node exists that can recreate the state from Ethereum L1 data. Please note that the L2BEAT team has not verified the validity of the node source code. [View code](https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/tree/develop/op-node)"
}
]
},
{
"stage": "Stage 1",
"requirements": [
{
"satisfied": false,
"description": "Users' withdrawals can be censored by the permissioned operators."
},
{
"satisfied": false,
"description": "Upgrades executed by actors with more centralized control than a Security Council provide less than 7d for users to exit if the permissioned operator is down or censoring."
}
],
"principle": {
"satisfied": false,
"description": "Compromising ≥75% of the Security Council should be the only way (other than bugs) for a rollup to indefinitely block an L2→L1 message (e.g. a withdrawal) or push an invalid L2→L1 message (e.g. an invalid withdrawal) wiith a <7d exit window."
}
},
{
"stage": "Stage 2",
"requirements": [
{
"satisfied": false,
"description": "Upgrades unrelated to onchain provable bugs provide less than 30d to exit."
}
]
}
]
}+4 -3
{
"self": {
"stateValidation": {
"value": "None",
"description": "Currently the system permits invalid state roots. More details in project overview.",
"sentiment": "bad",
"orderHint": null,
"challengeDelay": 259200,
"secondLine": "3d challenge period"
},
"exitWindow": {
"value": "None",
"description": "There is no window for users to exit in case of an unwanted regular upgrade since contracts are instantly upgradable.",
"sentiment": "bad",
"orderHint": -259200
},
"proposerFailure": {
"value": "Cannot withdraw",
"description": "Only the whitelisted proposers can publish state roots on L1, so in the event of failure the withdrawals are frozen.",
"sentiment": "bad",
"orderHint": null
},
"dataAvailability": {
"value": "External",
"description": "Proof construction and state derivation fully rely on data that is posted on Celestia. Sequencer tx roots are not checked against the Blobstream bridge data roots onchain, but L2 nodes can verify data availability by running a Celestia light client.",
"sentiment": "bad"
"value": "Onchain",
"description": "All of the data needed for proof construction is published on Ethereum L1.",
"sentiment": "good",
"orderHint": null
},
"sequencerFailure": {
"value": "Self sequence",
"description": "In the event of a sequencer failure, users can force transactions to be included in the project's chain by sending them to L1. There can be up to a 12h delay on this operation.",
"sentiment": "good",
"orderHint": 43200,
"secondLine": "12h delay"
}
}
}+9 -8
[
{
"layer": {
"value": "Celestia",
"sentiment": "warning",
"description": "The data is posted to Celestia.",
"projectId": "celestia"
"value": "Ethereum",
"secondLine": "Calldata",
"sentiment": "good",
"description": "The data is posted to Ethereum as calldata.",
"projectId": "ethereum"
},
"bridge": {
"value": "None",
"sentiment": "bad",
"description": "There is no bridge that can attest if the data has been made available.",
"orderHint": -2
"value": "Enshrined",
"sentiment": "good",
"description": "The validating bridge has access to all the data, as it is posted onchain.",
"projectId": "ethereum"
},
"mode": {
"value": "Transaction data",
"secondLine": "Compressed"
}
}
]+4 -19
{
"architectureImage": "opstack-optimium",
"architectureImage": "opstack-rollup",
"dataAvailability": [
{
"name": "Data is posted to Celestia",
"description": "Transactions roots are posted onchain and the full data is posted on Celestia. Since the Blobstream bridge is not used, availability of the data is not verified against Celestia validators, meaning that the Sequencer can single-handedly publish unavailable roots. If Celestia becomes unavailable, the sequencer falls back to Ethereum.",
"risks": [
{
"category": "Funds can be lost if",
"text": "the sequencer posts an unavailable transaction root.",
"isCritical": true
},
{
"category": "Funds can be lost if",
"text": "the data is not available on the external provider.",
"isCritical": true
}
],
"name": "All data required for proofs is published onchain",
"description": "All the data that is used to construct the system state is published onchain in the form of cheap calldata. This ensures that it will always be available when needed.",
"risks": [],
"references": [
{
"title": "Introducing Blobstream: streaming modular DA to Ethereum",
"url": "https://blog.celestia.org/introducing-blobstream/"
},
{
"title": "Derivation: Batch submission - OP Mainnet specs",
"url": "https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/specs/blob/main/specs/protocol/derivation.md#batch-submission"
},
{
"title": "BatchInbox - address",
"url": "https://etherscan.io/address/0xff00000000000000000000000000000000002410#code"
},
{
"title": "OptimismPortal.sol - source code, depositTransaction function",
"url": "https://etherscan.io/address/0x3fe449Ef47228F03f979F9D955196494243cdf7E#code"
}
]
}
],
"exitMechanisms": [
{
"name": "Regular messaging",
"description": "The user initiates L2->L1 messages by submitting a regular transaction on this chain. When the block containing that transaction is settled, the message becomes available for processing on L1. The process of block finalization takes a challenge period of 3d to complete.",
"risks": [
{
"category": "Funds can be frozen if",
"text": "the centralized validator goes down. Users cannot produce blocks themselves and exiting the system requires new block production.",
"isCritical": true
}
],
"references": [
{
"title": "OptimismPortal.sol - source code, proveWithdrawalTransaction function",
"url": "https://etherscan.io/address/0x3fe449Ef47228F03f979F9D955196494243cdf7E#code"
},
{
"title": "OptimismPortal.sol - source code, finalizeWithdrawalTransaction function",
"url": "https://etherscan.io/address/0x3fe449Ef47228F03f979F9D955196494243cdf7E#code"
},
{
"title": "L2OutputOracle.sol - source code, PROPOSER check",
"url": "https://etherscan.io/address/0x394317B191f5c7A371e74594776B1EfDc33d10D6#code"
}
]
},
{
"name": "Forced messaging",
"description": "If the user experiences censorship from the operator with regular L2->L1 messaging they can submit their messages directly on L1. The system is then obliged to service this request or halt all messages, including forced withdrawals from L1 and regular messages initiated on L2. Once the force operation is submitted and if the request is serviced, the operation follows the flow of a regular message.",
"risks": [],
"references": [
{
"title": "Forced withdrawal from an OP Stack blockchain",
"url": "https://docs.optimism.io/stack/transactions/forced-transaction"
}
]
}
],
"forceTransactions": {
"name": "Users can force any transaction",
"description": "Because the state of the system is based on transactions submitted on the underlying host chain and anyone can submit their transactions there it allows the users to circumvent censorship by interacting with the smart contract on the host chain directly.",
"risks": [],
"references": [
{
"title": "Sequencing Window - OP Mainnet Specs",
"url": "https://github.com/ethereum-optimism/optimism/blob/51eeb76efeb32b3df3e978f311188aa29f5e3e94/specs/glossary.md#sequencing-window"
},
{
"title": "OptimismPortal.sol - source code, depositTransaction function",
"url": "https://etherscan.io/address/0x3fe449Ef47228F03f979F9D955196494243cdf7E#code"
}
]
},
"operator": {
"name": "The system has a centralized operator",
"description": "The operator is the only entity that can propose blocks. A live and trustworthy operator is vital to the health of the system.",
"risks": [
{
"category": "MEV can be extracted if",
"text": "the operator exploits their centralized position and frontruns user transactions."
}
],
"references": [
{
"title": "L2OutputOracle.sol - source code, CHALLENGER address",
"url": "https://etherscan.io/address/0x394317B191f5c7A371e74594776B1EfDc33d10D6#code"
},
{
"title": "L2OutputOracle.sol - source code, PROPOSER address",
"url": "https://etherscan.io/address/0x394317B191f5c7A371e74594776B1EfDc33d10D6#code"
}
]
},
"otherConsiderations": [
{
"name": "EVM compatible smart contracts are supported",
"description": "OP stack chains are pursuing the EVM Equivalence model. No changes to smart contracts are required regardless of the language they are written in, i.e. anything deployed on L1 can be deployed on L2.",
"risks": [],
"references": [
{
"title": "Introducing EVM Equivalence",
"url": "https://medium.com/ethereum-optimism/introducing-evm-equivalence-5c2021deb306"
}
]
}
],
"stateValidation": {
"categories": [
{
"title": "No state validation",
"description": "OP Stack projects can use the OP fault proof system, already being deployed on some. This project though is not using fault proofs yet and is relying on the honesty of the permissioned Proposer and Challengers to ensure state correctness. The smart contract system permits invalid state roots.",
"risks": [
{
"category": "Funds can be stolen if",
"text": "an invalid state root is submitted to the system.",
"isCritical": true
}
],
"references": [
{
"title": "L2OutputOracle.sol - source code, deleteL2Outputs function",
"url": "https://etherscan.io/address/0x394317B191f5c7A371e74594776B1EfDc33d10D6#code"
}
]
}
]
}
}+6 -1
{}
{
"explanation": "K2 is an Optimistic rollup that posts transaction data to the L1. For a transaction to be considered final, it has to be posted within a tx batch on L1 that links to a previous finalized batch. If the previous batch is missing, transaction finalization can be delayed up to 12h or until it gets published. The state root is settled 3d after it has been posted.",
"warnings": {
"stateUpdates": "Please note, for Optimistic rollups the state is not finalized until the challenge period passes."
}
}+1 -1
{
"baseTimestamp": 1728382019,
"baseTimestamp": 1764334235,
"contractsDiscoDriven": true,
"hasDiscoUi": true,
"isDiscoDriven": true,
"permissionsDiscoDriven": true
}